Flavonoids: A treasure house of prospective pharmacological potentials.

Flavonoids are organic compounds characterized by a range of phenolic structures, which are abundantly present in various natural sources such as fruits, vegetables, cereals, bark, roots, stems, flowers, tea, and wine. The health advantages of these natural substances are renowned, and initiatives are being taken to extract the flavonoids. Apigenin, galangin, hesperetin, kaempferol, myricetin, naringenin, and quercetin are the seven most common compounds belonging to this class. A thorough analysis of bibliographic records from reliable sources including Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, and others was done to learn more about the biological activities of these flavonoids. These flavonoids appear to have promising anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral, cytotoxic, and lipid-lowering activities, according to evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical research. The review contains recent trends, therapeutical interventions, and futuristic aspects of flavonoids to treat several diseases like diabetes, inflammation, bacterial and viral infections, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases. However, this manuscript should be handy in future drug discovery. Despite these encouraging findings, a notable gap exists in clinical research, hindering a comprehensive understanding of the effects of flavonoids at both high and low concentrations on human health. Future investigations should prioritize exploring bioavailability, given the potential for high inter-individual variation. As a starting point for further study on these flavonoids, this review paper may promote identifying and creating innovative therapeutic uses.

Unveiling Annona Reticulata's Bioactive Arsenal for Enhanced Antibiotic Effects.

OBJECTIVE: To study the antibacterial and phytochemical activities of bioactive elements in the leaves of Annona reticulata Linn, a historically used Bangladeshi medicinal plant. METHODS: Shade-dried and crushed plant leaves were soaked with various solvents to obtain samples for different chemical analyses. All extracts were selected for antimicrobial, physicochemical, and Pharmacological investigations. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using disc diffusion assay, and broth microdilution methods determined potentiation of the activities of the antibiotic antibacterial activity of the plant extracts was investigated using either gram-positive or gram-negative pathogenic wild-type bacteria. RESULTS: From the initial phytochemical and pharmacological studies, it was clear that all extracts, methanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate, of the leaves of A. reticulata, were proven to process potent bioactive constituents. While differential antimicrobial properties were found to be possessed by all extracts, methanolic extract was the most potent one against all tested microorganisms. It also has potentiated the activities of antibiotics in E. coli. CONCLUSION: Bioactive constituents in the plant extracts were shown to possess phytochemical and antimicrobial activities. More investigation is needed to segregate the chemical components responsible for the respective phytochemical and antimicrobial activities.

Characterizing lysine acetylation of glucokinase.

Glucokinase (GK) catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate as the substrate of glycolysis for energy production. Acetylation of lysine residues in Escherichia coli GK has been identified at multiple sites by a series of proteomic studies, but the impact of acetylation on GK functions remains largely unknown. In this study, we applied the genetic code expansion strategy to produce site-specifically acetylated GK variants which naturally exist in cells. Enzyme assays and kinetic analyses showed that lysine acetylation decreases the GK activity, mostly resulting from acetylation of K214 and K216 at the entrance of the active site, which impairs the binding of substrates. We also compared results obtained from the glutamine substitution method and the genetic acetyllysine incorporation approach, showing that glutamine substitution is not always effective for mimicking acetylated lysine. Further genetic studies as well as in vitro acetylation and deacetylation assays were performed to determine acetylation and deacetylation mechanisms, which showed that E. coli GK could be acetylated by acetyl-phosphate without enzymes and deacetylated by CobB deacetylase.

Studying lysine acetylation of citric acid cycle enzymes by genetic code expansion.

Lysine acetylation is one of the most abundant post-translational modifications in nature, affecting many key biological pathways in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It has not been long since technological advances led to understanding of the roles of acetylation in biological processes. Most of those studies were based on proteomic analyses, which have identified thousands of acetylation sites in a wide range of proteins. However, the specific role of individual acetylation event remains largely unclear, mostly due to the existence of multiple acetylation and dynamic changes of acetylation levels. To solve these problems, the genetic code expansion technique has been applied in protein acetylation studies, facilitating the incorporation of acetyllysine into a specific lysine position to generate a site-specifically acetylated protein. By this method, the effects of acetylation at a specific lysine residue can be characterized with minimal interferences. Here, we summarized the development of the genetic code expansion technique for lysine acetylation and recent studies on lysine acetylation of citrate acid cycle enzymes in bacteria by this approach, providing a practical application of the genetic code expansion technique in protein acetylation studies.

Modifications of cellulose-based biomaterials for biomedical applications.

Cellulose is one of the most abundant organic compounds in nature and is available from diverse sources. Cellulose features tunable properties, making it a promising substrate for biomaterial development. In this review, we highlight advances in the physical processes and chemical modifications of cellulose that enhance its properties for use as a biomaterial. Three cellulosic products are discussed, including nanofibrillated, nanocrystalline, and bacterial cellulose, with a focus on how each may serve as a platform for the development of advanced cellulose-based biomaterials for Biomedical applications. In addition to associating mechanical and chemical properties of cellulosic materials to specific applications, a prospectus is offered for the future development of cellulose-based biomaterials for biomedicine.

Microbial evaluation of some syrups in Syrian pharmacies.

Microbial contamination of syrups can bring clinical hazards to patients as well as physical and chemical changes in the product. Aims: Studying the influence of the war on the Syrian pharmaceutical industry from a microbiological point of view by assessing the microbiological quality of syrup samples taken from Syrian pharmacies. Methodology: Fifty different syrups from 29 different companies having various manufacture dates were collected during validity period between 9-2019 and 6-2021 in Aleppo, Syria. Membrane filtration technique was performed to quantify microbial contamination of the collected syrup samples. This involved passing the samples through filter nitrocellulose membrane disks with a pore size of 0.45 µm then transferring the filter disks alongside any collected microorganisms into Tryptone Soya Agar, Sabouraud Dextrose agar, Xylose lysine Deoxycholate agar and Eosin Methylene Blue agar plates. Colonies observed on these plates were counted and the number of viable microbes in the original sample was expressed as colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL). Investigation of Escherichia coli in all syrup samples and Salmonella in herbal syrup samples was also performed. Results: This study revealed that 28 syrups (56%) had no growth of either bacterial or fungal colonies; 33 syrups (66%) had no growth of bacterial colonies; 43 syrups (86%) had no growth of fungal colonies. On the other hand, 7 syrups (14%) exceeded the pharmacopoeial limit for bacterial growth and 6 syrups (12%) exceeded that for fungal growth. Furthermore, 5 syrup samples (10%) were on the high permissible limits for bacterial contamination and none for fungal contamination.All syrups were free from E. coli and all herbal syrups were free from Salmonella. Taken together, out of the fifty syrups examined 13 syrups (26%) exceeded the pharmacopoeial limits and therefore pharmacopoeial accepted syrups constitute a percentage of (74%). Conclusion: Although the majority of samples tested showed compliance with the pharmacopoeial limits of microbiological contamination, the small proportion of syrups in the Syrian market exceeding the pharmacopoeial limit is still concerning and reveals the implications of post-war conditions on the quality of manufacturing in the Syrian pharmaceutical industry. That said, it remained within the proper limits compared to studies conducted in other countries in similar situations.This study, therefore, highlights the need to apply the Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) rules more strictly in order to limit microbiological contamination in pharmaceutical syrups to ensure the quality of products and safety of users. We suggest that further quality control studies are conducted on a larger scale and repeated more frequently.